《被眼泪浸湿的土地》：一部维吾尔族“右派”的苦难史

The Land Drenched in Tears: A History of Uyghur “Rightists”

Cover of the original Uyghur version of The Land Drenched in Tears.

简报中文版请见下方。

The English version follows below.

Köz Yéshida Nemlen'gen Zémin

Oguzkhan

Tehrir ilawisi:

1957-yili Xitay Kompartiyesi pütkül memliket miqyasida “Ongchilargha Qarshi Heriket” qozghap, Xitay jem’iyitining herqaysiy qatlamlirida bir meydan keskin idiye özgertish dolquni qozghidi. Bolupmu bu heriketning asasliq nishani ziyaliylargha we bilim igilirige qaritildi. Xitay hökümet istatiskisigha qarighanda, pütün memliket miqyasida “ongchi” qalpiqi kiydürülüp jazalanghanlar 550 mingdin éship ketken. Xitayda islahat we ishikni échiwetish yolgha qoyulghandin kéyin, “Ongchilargha qarshi heriket” téma qilinghan zor miqdardiki aghzaki tarixiy eserler otturigha chiqti. Halbuki, Uyghur Rayoni (Xinjiang) we Tibet qatarliq chégra rayonlarda “ongchilar” heqqide yézilghan tarixiy eslimiler köp bolmidi. “Köz yéshida nemlen’gen zémin” namliq bu kitab Söyün’gül Chanishéfning Uyghur Rayonida 1957-yili bashlan’ghan “Ongchilargha we yerlik milletchilikke qarshi heriket” we uningdin kéyinki siyasiy dolqunlarda béshidin ötküzgen kechürmishlirining xatiresidur. Bu kitab chégra rayonlarda “ongchilargha we yerlik milletchilikke qarshi heriket” témisidiki aghzakiy tarix matériyallirining kem bolushidek boshluqni toldurupla qalmastin, belki yene muhim qimmetke igidur.

Asasiy Mezmuni

Bu kitab muhajirettiki Uyghur jem’iyitide nisbeten baldur neshir qilin’ghan, shundaqla Uyghur ziyaliylirining kommunist Xitay hökümranliqi astidiki paji'elik kechürmishlirini inchike détallar bilen teswirlep bergen edebiy xatire sheklidiki eslimidur. Téximu éniqraq qilip éytqanda, bu kitabta aptorning charek esirlik ré'al kechürmishliri asasiy liniye qilinip, 1957-yilidin 1982-yilighiche bolghan 25 yil jeryanida Sherqiy Türkistan (Shinjang)diki Uyghur istudéntlarning boran-chapqunluq sergüzeshtiliri we tragédiyelik teqdiri yorutup bérilgen.

1957-Yili Séntebirde emdila 17 yashqa kirgen Söyün'gül Chanishéf (aptor) Shinjang Méditsina Inistitutigha qobul qilinidu. Bu pütün Xitay miqyasida Maw Zédung bashlatqan «échilip-sayrash» dolquni emdila axirliship, «istil tüzitish» herikiti bashlanghan, Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayonida «yerlik milletchilikke qarshi heriket» élip bérishning teyyarliqi jiddiy élip bériliwatqan mezgiller idi.

Söyün'gülning siyasiy dolqunlar ichide bashlanghan aliy mektep hayati uning kéyinki teqdiride oylap baqmighan qarangghu sehipilerni achidu. U Méditsina Inistitutidiki bashqa Uyghur sawaqdashliri bilen birlikte siyasiy jehette «échilip-sayrash»qa, «istil tüzitish» yighinlirigha qatniship, kompartiye heqqidiki pikir-qarashlirini ochuq otturigha qoyushqa mejbur qilinidu. Yashliq bahari urghup turghan, kelgüsige ümid bilen qarighan, emma siyasiy boran-chapqunlarda téxi pishmighan bu bir türküm sap-sebiy we qizghin oqughuchilar köz aldidiki rehmisiz siyasiy ré'alliqtin qattiq ümidsizlinidu. Sabiq Sowét Ittipaqi modélidiki ittipaqdash jumhuriyetlik aliy aptonomiye tüzümini Xitaydiki Uyghur, Tibet, Mongghul qatarliq az sanliq milletlerning aliy aptonomiye hoquqining tüp kapaliti dep bilgen bu yashlar, Xitay kompartiyesining Xitayche uslubtiki «milliy téritoriyelik aptonomiye tüzümi»din qattiq narazi bolidu. Ular, Shinjangda ölke derijilik atalmish «Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayoni» emes, belki Sowét Ittipaqi modélidiki «Sherqiy Türkistan/Uyghuristan Ittipaqdash Jumhuriyiti» qurulushi kérek, dep qaraydu. Ularning «échilip-sayrash» yighinlirida dadilliq bilen otturigha qoyghan bu pikir-telepliri, kéyinche ularning siyasiy jehettiki qéchip qutulalmas éghir jinayiti bolup qalidu.

Shuningdin kéyinki polat tawlash, chong sekrep ilgirilesh, yerlik milletchilikke qarshi heriket jeryanida Söyün'gülni öz ichige alghan yerlik millet oqughuchiliri qattiq tenqid we teqipke, siyasiy bésim we rohiy azablargha duch kélidu. Acharchiliq yillirining éghir riyazetlirini béshidin ötküzidu. Xitay kompartiyesining az sanliq milletlerge qaratqan aldamchiliq siyasiti we saxta aptonomiyesining mahiyitini chongqur chüshinip yétidu. Netijide ularda mexpiy teshkilat qurup, yer asti siyasiy küresh pa'aliyetliri bilen shoghullinish; kéyinche shara'it piship yétilgende yerlik xelqni qozghap keng kölemlik milliy azadliq sépi shekillendürüsh; Xitay mustemlikisidin qutulup, Sherqiy Türkistanning musteqilliqini qolgha keltürüshtek siyasiy ghaye hem pikir birliki hasil bolidu. Ular 1962-yili 2-ayning 5-küni Shinjang Méditsina Inistitutining oqughuchilar yataq binasida mexpiy yighilip, «Sherqiy Türkistan Méhnetkesh Xelq Partiyesi» namliq siyasiy teshkilat quridu. Söyün'gül Chanishéf bu teshkilatning katipliq wezipisini öz üstige alidu. Halbuki, aridin birqanche ay ötmeyla Xitay Jama'et Xewpsizlik organlirining oqughuchilar arisigha mexpiy orunlashturghan jasuslirining uchur yetküzüshi bilen bu teshkilat pash bolup qalidu. Shu yili 4-ayning 29-küni Söyün'gül Chanishéfni öz ichige alghan nechche onlighan Uyghur oqughuchilar qolgha élinidu.

Portrait of the author, Söyüngül Chanisheff, in 1957.

Shuningdin bashlap Söyün'gül we uning sawaqdashlirining uzun yilliq türme we mejburiy emgek hayati bashlinidu. Ürümchi türmisidiki 4 yilgha sozulghan qiyin-qistaq we qarangghu türme hayatidin kéyin, Söyün'gül we uning türmidishi Sajide Ürümchi etrapidiki emgek bilen özgertish lagérida mejburiy emgekke sélinidu. Bu jeryanda insan tesewwur qilghusiz teqip we qiyin-qistaqlargha, künige on nechche sa'etlik éghir emgekke, achliq we rohiy azablargha duch kélidu. Medeniyet Inqilabi bashlinishi bilen ularni téximu éghir qismetler kütiwalidu. Söyün'gül «siyasiy jinayetchi» dégen qalpaq bilen Ürümchi etrapidiki bir xelq kommunasigha yerleshtürülüp, ammining nazariti astida éghir emgek arqiliq özgertishke tapshurup bérilidu. U bu yerde türmidinmu better qiyin künlerge duch kélidu. Rohiy we jismaniy jehettin qattiq xorlinidu. Uzun yilliq türme, mejburiy emgek we qiyin-qistaq Söyün'gül Chanishéf we uning tutqundiki sawaqdashlirini öz ichige alghan bir ewlad Uyghur yashlirining yashliq baharini, arzu-armanlirini, ghaye we intilishlirini xazan qilidu. 1976-Yiligha kelgende Xitay kompartiyesining aliy rehbiri Maw ölüp, «Medeniyet Zor Inqilabi» axirlashqan, 1978-yili kommunist Xitayning milletler siyasitide «yumshash» bashlanghan bolsimu, emma Söyün'gül Chanishéf qatarliq «siyasiy jinayetchi» qalpiqi kiydürülgen bir ewlad Uyghur oqughuchilarning délosi hel bolmaydu. 1980-yillarning bashlirigha kelgende, Xitayning siyasiy atmosférasida körülgen «islahat» we «ishikni échiwétish» dolqunidimu héchqandaq siyasiy kengchilikke érishelmigen Söyün'gül pütün a'ilisi bilen birlikte tughulup ösken yurtini tashlap Awstraliyege köchmen bolup kétidu. Shundaq qilip, Söyün'gülning Sherqiy Türkistandiki 18 yilliq türme we tutqunluq hayati axirliship, erkin dunyadiki kéyinki hayati bashlinidu.

Bu eslime aptor Söyün'gül chanishéfning muhajirettiki hayati dawamida eyni waqittiki kündilik xatirisi bilen türme xatirilirini retlesh, toluqlash, qayta eslep yézish arqiliq wujutqa chiqqan. Pütün kitab 700 betke yéqin uzun sehpidin teshkil tapqan bolup, tili addiy, uslubi yenggil we güzel, hékaye weqeliki jiddiy we jelp qilarliq shekilde yézilghan. Bu kitab peqet aptorning béshidin köchürgen shexsiy kechürmishlirining addiy bayani bolupla qalmastin, belki 1950-yillarning axiridin 1980-yillarning bashlirighiche bolghan bir ewlad Uyghur istudéntlirining boran-chapqunluq kolléktip hayati we Uyghur ziyaliylirining kommunist Xitay réjimi astidiki paji'elik teqdirining janliq örnikidur.

Aptor kitabning bash qismigha yazghan kirish sözide, «musteqilliq arzusi bilen teshkilat qurup qolgha élin’ghan hemde türme we nazaret astida yashighan 18 yilliq hayatimdin qisqiche xatire qaldurup, yoshurun saqlap kelgen idim. Shu xatirige asasen bu kitabni yézip chiqtim. Bu kitabtiki weqelerning hemmisi béshimdin ötken, öz közüm bilen körgen hem anglighan heqiqiy ishlardur» dep yazghan. Istanbul Uniwérsitétining Uyghur proféssori Sultan Maxmut Qeshqeri bu kitabqa yazghan béghishlimisida «<köz yéshida nemlen'gen zémin> namliq bu kitabta yézilghan weqeler toqulma hékayiler we xiyaliy épizotlar bolmastin, hemmisi Söyün'gülning béshidin ötken we öz közi bilen körgen rast weqelerdur. Bu kitabta kommunist Xitay hakimiyitining Sherqiy Türkistanda yürgüzgen insan qélipidin chiqqan wehshiy siyasetliri emeliy pakitlar bilen chongqur pash qilinghan, bolupmu Maw Zédung bashlatqan <Medeniyet Inqilabi>ning dehshetlik menzirisi de dölet térori nahayiti janliq ipadilep bérilgen» dep yazghan.

Bu kitab 2006-yili Istanbuldiki Teklimakan Uyghur Neshriyati teripidin birinchi qétim neshir qilin’ghan. Kitab muhajirettiki Uyghur oqurmenliri arisida zor tesir peyda qilghan we bazarliq kitabqa aylanghan. 2015-yili yuqiri tiraj bilen ikkinchi qétim bésilghan. 2018-Yili in'gilizchigha terjime qilinip, En'giliyede neshir qilinghan. Xelq Arxipi oqurmenlerge bu kitabning toluq PDF nusxisini teminleydu. Bu kitabning Én’gilizche terjimi The Land Drenched in Tears ni mushu ulanma din sétiwalalysiz.

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《被眼泪浸湿的土地》一书维吾尔语版封面。

编者按：中共建政后于1957年发起的“反右运动”，席卷全国，涉及中国社会各阶层，但主要是针对知识分子的一场酷烈的思想改造运动。据官方数据，全国被直接打成右派的有55万余人。中国改革开放以后，出现大量关于“反右”的历史作品，但新疆、西藏等边疆地区“右派”的回忆录非常稀少。《被眼泪浸湿的土地》一书，是维吾尔族“右派”苏云古丽·恰尼谢夫的回忆录，填补了边疆地区“反右运动”历史的缺失，具有重要的价值。

《被眼泪浸湿的土地》：一部维吾尔族“右派”的苦难史

作者：Oguzkhan

《被眼泪浸湿的土地》一书，是海外维吾尔社会最早用维吾尔语出版的回忆录之一。该书详细描述了维吾尔知识分子在1957年“反右运动”中的悲惨经历，填补了这一领域历史资料的空白。作者苏云古丽·恰尼谢夫以自己的亲身经历为主线，记录了1957年至1982年间，在新疆的维吾尔青年知识分子的动荡经历和悲剧命运。

苏云古丽·恰尼谢夫1940年出生于乌鲁木齐一个知识分子家庭。1957年9月，年仅17岁的她被录取进新疆医学院。此时，毛泽东在全中国范围内发起的“双百”运动（指“百花齐放，百家争鸣”，号召对党提意见）刚刚结束，整风运动开始，新疆维吾尔自治区官方正在紧锣密鼓地准备开展“反对地方民族主义”运动。

苏云古丽就这样在政治风暴中开始了大学生活，这为她后来的命运翻开了意想不到的黑暗篇章。当时的她，与其他维吾尔族同学一起被迫参加“鸣放”和整风会议，公开表达对共产党的看法。这群朝气蓬勃、对未来充满希望但政治阅历尚浅的纯真学生，当时因为对眼前一些残酷的政治现实深感失望，同时相信了党会采纳意见，而大胆提出了自己的观点和要求。

她和其他一些同学，认为应该效仿当时苏联的模式，建立加盟共和国式的高度自治制度，以保障维吾尔、藏族、蒙古等少数民族的高度自治权，并对中共的民族区域自治制度深感不满。他们主张在新疆建立东突厥斯坦加盟共和国，而非作为省级行政区的新疆维吾尔自治区。他们在“鸣放”会议上提出的这些观点和要求，后来成为他们无法摆脱的严重政治罪行。

在随后的“大跃进”和“反对地方民族主义”运动期间，包括苏云古丽在内的这些新疆当地学生遭受了严厉的批判和迫害，承受着巨大的政治压力和精神折磨。“反右运动”不久，大饥荒随之降临。经历了如此严酷的考验，他们认识到了中国共产党少数民族自治政策的欺骗性和虚假本质。

最终，他们决定成立地下组织，开展秘密政治斗争活动，计划在时机成熟时发动当地民众，形成大规模的民族解放阵线，以摆脱殖民统治，实现东突厥斯坦独立。1962年2月5日，他们在新疆医学院的学生宿舍秘密集会，成立了“东突厥斯坦劳动人民党”，由苏云古丽·恰尼谢夫担任秘书。然而，仅仅几个月后，由于中共公安机关安插在学生中的密探告密，该组织被揭发。同年4月29日，包括苏云古丽在内的数十名维吾尔族学生被逮捕。

作者苏云古丽·恰尼谢夫于1957年。

从此，苏云古丽和她的同学们开始了长期的监狱和强制劳动生活。在乌鲁木齐监狱度过了长达4年的酷刑折磨和黑暗的牢狱生活后，苏云古丽和她的同学萨吉德被送往乌鲁木齐周边的劳改营接受强制劳动。在此期间，她们遭受了难以想象的迫害，每天十几个小时的繁重劳动，忍受着饥饿和精神的双重折磨。

文化大革命开始后，他们的处境更加艰难。苏云古丽被戴上政治犯的帽子，安置在乌鲁木齐周边的一个人民公社，在群众监督下接受劳动改造。她在这里经历了比监狱更为艰难的日子，在精神和肉体上遭受严重摧残。长期的监禁、强制劳动和折磨，摧毁了苏云古丽和她狱中同学这一代维吾尔青年的青春、理想和追求。

1976年毛泽东去世，文化大革命结束，1978年开始为大批的“右派”平反，同时中共的民族政策也开始“软化”，但是像苏云古丽这样被贴上政治犯标签的维吾尔族学生，案件始终未得到平反。1980年代初，在中国改革开放的政治氛围下，苏云古丽也未能获得任何形式的“平反”。她最终带着全家离开故土，移民澳大利亚。就这样，在结束了在东突厥斯坦（新疆）18年的监狱和囚禁生活后，苏云古丽开始了她在自由世界的新生活。

这部回忆录是苏云古丽·恰尼谢夫在流亡期间，根据她的日记、狱中笔记，以及回忆整理记录而成。全书近700页，文笔朴实，风格清新优美，故事情节紧凑，引人入胜。全书不仅仅是作者个人经历的简单叙述，更是记录了从1950年代末到1980年代初，一代维吾尔族大学生动荡的生活，以及知识分子，尤其是维吾尔族知识分子在中共政权下的悲惨命运。除了这部回忆录之外，苏云古丽还出版了一本记述自己家族历史的专著——《玛纳斯河畔的囚徒》。

在《被眼泪浸湿的土地》一书前言中，作者这样写道：“我对这18年因组织独立团体被捕，而后在监狱和监视下生活的经历做了简短记录，一直秘密保存。这本书就是根据这些回忆写成的。书中所记载的事件都是我亲身经历、亲眼所见和亲耳所闻的真实事件。”

伊斯坦布尔大学的维吾尔族教授苏丹·马赫穆德·喀什噶里，在为本书所写的推荐序中指出：

“《被眼泪浸湿的土地》中记载的事件并非虚构故事或想象情节，而是苏云古丽亲身经历和亲眼目睹的真实事件。本书通过确凿事实深刻揭露了中共在东突厥斯坦实施的惨无人道的政策，尤其生动地展现了文化大革命和国家恐怖主义的残酷。”

该书于2006年首次由伊斯坦布尔的塔克拉玛干维吾尔出版社出版，并在海外维吾尔读者中产生重大影响，成为畅销书。2015年以更大印数再版。2018年英译缩写本在英国出版。民间档案馆提供该书维语版的PDF，英文缩写版《The Land Drenched in Tears》可于此处购买。

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Cover of the original Uyghur version of The Land Drenched in Tears.

The Land Drenched in Tears: A History of Uyghur Rightists

By Oguzkhan

The Land drenched in Tears is the one of the earliest literary memoirs published in the Uyghur language within the diaspora community, detailing the experiences of Uyghur intellectuals under Chinese Communist rule. The book, written by Söyüngül Chanisheff, chronicles the turbulent experiences and tragic fate of Uyghur students in East Turkstan (Xinjiang) during the 25 years from 1957 to 1982, centered around the author’s quarter-century of real-life experiences.

In September 1957, Söyüngül, who had just turned 17, was admitted to Xinjiang Medical Institute. This was a time when Mao Zedong’s Hundred Flowers Campaign had just ended nationwide, the Rectification Movement had begun, and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region was intensively preparing for the Anti-Local Nationalism Campaign.

Söyüngül’s college life, which began amidst political turbulence, opened unexpected dark chapters in her life. Along with other Uyghur classmates at the Medical Institute, she was forced to participate in political “speaking out” meetings–when people were encouraged to voice criticism about the Communist Party– and then rectification meetings, openly expressing their views about the Communist Party. These pure, passionate students, full of youthful vigor and hope for the future but politically inexperienced, became deeply disillusioned with the political reality before them.

Believing that a Soviet-style Union Republic system of high autonomy should be the fundamental guarantee for the rights of minorities like Uyghurs, Tibetans, and Mongolians in China, these youths were deeply dissatisfied with the Chinese Communist Party’s ethnic regional autonomy system. They believed that Xinjiang should establish not a provincial-level Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, but rather a Soviet-style East Turkistan Union Republic, such as the republics the USSR had set up for Kyrgyz, Kazaks, and other Central Asian peoples. Their bold views and demands expressed during these “speaking out” meetings later became their inescapable serious political crimes.

During the subsequent Great Leap Forward and Anti-Local Nationalism campaigns, Söyüngül and other minority students suffered severe criticism, persecution, political pressure, and psychological torment. They endured the harsh trials of the famine years. They came to deeply understand the policies and false autonomy imposed on minorities by the Chinese Communist Party.

Finally, they decided to form an underground organization to engage in secret political activities, planning to mobilize the local populace when the time was ripe to form a large-scale national liberation front, with the political ideal and common goal of freeing themselves from Chinese rule and achieving independence for East Turkistan. On February 5, 1962, they secretly gathered in a student dormitory at Xinjiang Medical College and established the East Turkistan Working People’s Party. Söyüngül Chanisheff served as the organization’s secretary. However, just months later, due to an informant placed among students by Chinese security forces, the organization was exposed. On April 29 the same year, dozens of Uyghur students, including Söyüngül, were arrested.

Portrait of the author, Söyüngül Chanisheff, in 1957.

From then on, Söyüngül and her classmates began their long years of imprisonment and forced labor. After enduring four years of torture and harsh prison conditions in Ürümchi Prison, Söyüngül and her fellow prisoner Sajide were sent to labor camps near Ürümchi for forced labor. During this period, they suffered persecution and torment—working over ten hours a day in heavy labor while enduring hunger and psychological anguish.

When the Cultural Revolution began in 1966, their situation worsened. Söyüngül was branded a political criminal and placed under what was called “mass supervision” in a people’s commune near Ürümchi for reform through labor. Here she endured days harder than prison, suffering severe physical and psychological damage. The long imprisonment, forced labor, and torment destroyed the youthfulness, idealism, and aspirations of Söyüngül and her generation of Uyghur youth.

Although Mao died in 1976, ending the Cultural Revolution, and China’s ethnic policies began to soften in 1978, cases like Soyungül’s were never rehabilitated. By the early 1980s, even amidst China’s reform and opening political atmosphere, Söyüngül —still denied any political clemency—eventually left her homeland with her family and emigrated to Australia. Thus ended Söyüngül’s 18 years of imprisonment and detention in East Turkistan, and her new life began.

This memoir was created during the author’s life in exile, based on her contemporary diaries, reorganized prison notes, and reconstructed memories. The entire book spans nearly 700 pages, written in simple language with an elegant style and compelling narrative flow. This work is not merely a simple account of the author’s personal experiences, but also serves as a vivid portrayal of the turbulent collective life of a generation of Uyghur university students from the late 1950s to early 1980s, and the tragic fate of Uyghur intellectuals under the Chinese Communist regime.

In the book’s preface, the author writes: “I secretly preserved brief memoirs of my 18 years of life under imprisonment and surveillance, arrested for organizing a group pursuing independence. This book was written based on these memories. All events recorded in this book are true incidents that I personally experienced, witnessed, and heard.”

Professor Sultan Mahmud Kashgari, a Uyghur professor at Istanbul University, noted in his recommendation: “The events recorded in The Land drenched in Tears are not fictional stories or imagined plots, but real events personally experienced and witnessed by Söyüngül. Through concrete facts, this book profoundly exposes the inhumane policies implemented by the Chinese Communist regime in East Turkistan, particularly vividly depicting the horrific scenes of Mao Zedong’s Cultural Revolution and state terrorism.”

The book was first published in 2006 by Taklamakan Uyghur Publishing House in Istanbul. It had a significant impact among diaspora Uyghur readers and became a bestseller. A second edition with higher circulation was published in 2015, and an abbreviated English translation was published in the UK in 2018.

The English edition can be purchased here.